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Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes to organize and structure code. The fundamental concepts of OOP include:

1. Classes and Objects:

Classes: Blueprint or template for creating objects. They define properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) that objects of the class will have.

Objects: Instances of classes. They encapsulate data and behavior.

2. Encapsulation:

Encapsulation involves bundling the data (attributes) and methods that operate on the data within a single unit, i.e., a class. It restricts access to some of the object's components and prevents external code from directly manipulating the internal state.

3. Inheritance:

Inheritance allows a class (subclass/derived class) to inherit properties and behaviors from another class (superclass/base class). It promotes code reusability and establishes an "is-a" relationship between classes.

4. Polymorphism:

Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their base class, even when they are instances of derived classes. It allows for method overriding and provides flexibility in handling different types of objects through a common interface.

5. Abstraction:

Abstraction involves simplifying complex systems by modeling classes based on the essential properties and behaviors relevant to the application. It focuses on what an object does rather than how it achieves its functionality.

These fundamental concepts provide a powerful and flexible framework for designing and organizing code in a modular and reusable way, making OOP a widely used programming paradigm.