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Fisher's Exact Test vs. Chi-Square Test - What`s the difference?

06/10/2024 | by Patrick Fischer, M.Sc., Founder & Data Scientist: FDS

Introduction

Both Fisher's Exact Test and the Chi-Square Test are statistical tests used to analyze categorical data and determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables. While they serve similar purposes, there are differences in their applications, assumptions, and interpretations. This article compares Fisher's Exact Test and the Chi-Square Test to highlight their similarities and differences.

Fisher's Exact Test

  • Application: Suitable for small sample sizes and 2x2 contingency tables.
  • Assumptions: No assumptions about sample size or expected cell frequencies.
  • Interpretation: Provides an exact p-value, making it more reliable for small sample sizes.
  • Limitation: Less practical for larger sample sizes and tables larger than 2x2 due to computational complexity.

Chi-Square Test

  • Application: Commonly used for larger sample sizes and contingency tables of any size.
  • Assumptions: Assumes that the sample size is sufficiently large and that expected cell frequencies are not too small.
  • Interpretation: Provides an approximate p-value based on the chi-square distribution.
  • Advantage: More practical for larger datasets and can handle tables larger than 2x2.

Conclusion

Fisher's Exact Test and the Chi-Square Test are both valuable tools for analyzing categorical data and assessing associations between variables. Fisher's Exact Test is particularly useful for small sample sizes and 2x2 tables, while the Chi-Square Test is more practical for larger datasets and can handle tables of any size. Choosing the appropriate test depends on the nature of the data and the specific research question at hand.

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Knowledge Base

What Does a PR Manager Earn?

06/07/2024 | by Patrick Fischer, M.Sc., Founder & Data Scientist: FDS

An Overview of Salary and Earning Potential in the PR Industry

PR Managers play a significant role in shaping a company's image and communication strategy. Their compensation often reflects their experience, skills, and the scope of their responsibilities. Here's an overview of the typical salary and earning potential of a PR Manager:

Salary Range

The salary of a PR Manager varies depending on factors such as experience, location, company size, and industry. In the United States, the average annual salary for PR Managers ranges between $40,000 and $80,000, depending on experience and position.

Factors Influencing Salary

Several factors can influence the salary of a PR Manager:

  • Experience: PR Managers with years of experience and a proven track record may command higher salaries.
  • Education: An advanced degree in communications, public relations, or a related field can enhance earning potential.
  • Location: Salaries may vary by region and cost of living, with cities with higher living costs typically offering higher salaries.
  • Company Size: PR Managers in larger companies or agencies often earn more than those in smaller organizations.
  • Industry: Certain industries, such as technology, entertainment, or finance, typically offer higher salaries for PR Managers.

Additional Compensation

In addition to base salary, PR Managers may receive various forms of additional compensation, including:

  • Bonuses: Performance-based bonuses based on individual or company goals.
  • Benefits: Health insurance, retirement plans, and other benefits are often part of the overall compensation package.
  • Flexible Work Arrangements: Some companies offer flexible work arrangements or remote work as additional perks.

Overall, the salary of a PR Manager reflects the importance of their role in safeguarding a company's image and reputation.

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Media and Communication Theories Taught in Academia

06/06/2024 | by Patrick Fischer, M.Sc., Founder & Data Scientist: FDS

In the field of media and communication studies, students are introduced to a variety of theories aimed at deepening their understanding of the media landscape and communication processes. These theories provide insights into the functioning of media, the influence of media on society, and the dynamics of human communication.

Agenda-Setting Theory

The agenda-setting theory posits that media not only report on topics but also shape public opinion about them. They influence which issues are considered important and which are not. This theory was developed in the 1960s by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw.

Uses and Gratifications Approach

The uses and gratifications approach focuses on the motivations and needs of media consumers. It explores why people use certain media and what needs are satisfied through this usage. This approach was formulated by Elihu Katz, Jay G. Blumler, and Michael Gurevitch in the 1970s.

Social Influence and Media

This theory examines the influence of media on social interactions and relationships. It investigates how media can shape and influence social norms, values, and behaviors. A prominent figure associated with this theory is Marshall McLuhan, who coined the concept of the "global village."

Communication Models

Various communication models are also taught in academia, analyzing the processes of information transmission and interpretation. These include, for example, the sender-receiver model developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, and the transactional model of communication based on the works of Barnlund and Berlo.

Media Ethics and Media Law

In addition to theoretical approaches, ethical and legal aspects of media production and dissemination are addressed. Students learn how media should be used responsibly and what legal frameworks need to be considered. These topics are often discussed in the context of authors like Nicholas Negroponte in the field of digital ethics.

Overall, the media and communication theories taught in academia offer a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of the media landscape and communication processes in our modern society.

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Social Media Consumption in Austria

06/05/2024 | by Patrick Fischer, M.Sc., Founder & Data Scientist: FDS

Introduction

Social media platforms have become integral to digital communication and information sharing. Understanding social media consumption patterns is essential for businesses, marketers, and researchers to develop effective strategies and targeted content. In Austria, various studies and surveys have been conducted to analyze social media consumption among the population.

Current Data on Social Media Consumption

Social media consumption in Austria has seen a steady increase over the years. According to recent studies, a significant percentage of the population uses social media platforms daily, with average usage ranging from approximately 1.5 to 3 hours per day per person.

Factors Influencing Social Media Consumption

  • Age: Younger age groups tend to use social media platforms more frequently and intensively compared to older generations.
  • Interests and Activities: Specific interests and activities can influence the consumption of certain social media content.
  • Technological Development: The availability of smartphones and fast internet connections promotes access to social media platforms.
  • Advertising and Influencers: The presence of advertising and influencers on social media platforms can influence consumption behavior.

Conclusion

Social media consumption in Austria continues to grow, with the platforms playing a significant role in the country's digital landscape. The diversity of platforms and the ongoing technological advancements influence the population's consumption habits. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for businesses and marketers to develop successful social media strategies and effectively engage with their target audiences.

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Addicted to TikTok & Co. - The Consequences of Media Addiction

06/04/2024 | by Patrick Fischer, M.Sc., Founder & Data Scientist: FDS

Introduction

In recent years, TikTok has emerged as one of the most popular social media platforms, captivating millions of users worldwide with its short-form video content. While TikTok offers entertainment and a platform for creativity, some users find themselves spending excessive amounts of time on the app, leading to concerns about addiction and its impact on mental health and well-being.

Symptoms of TikTok Addiction

TikTok addiction can manifest in various ways, including:

  • Excessive Usage: Spending hours scrolling through TikTok without realizing the passage of time.
  • Neglecting Responsibilities: Prioritizing TikTok over work, school, or other important tasks.
  • Withdrawal Symptoms: Feeling anxious or irritable when unable to access TikTok.
  • Social Isolation: Spending less time with friends and family in favor of TikTok.
  • Physical Symptoms: Eye strain, headaches, and sleep disturbances due to late-night TikTok sessions.

Impact on Mental Health

Excessive TikTok usage can have detrimental effects on mental health, leading to:

  • Anxiety and Stress: Constant exposure to curated content and comparison with others can induce anxiety.
  • Depression: Feeling of inadequacy or loneliness resulting from excessive social media consumption.
  • Decreased Productivity: Distraction from important tasks can lead to decreased productivity and motivation.
  • Low Self-Esteem: Constant comparison with others' lives and achievements can lower self-esteem.

Conclusion

While TikTok offers a platform for creativity and entertainment, it is essential to maintain a balanced approach to its usage. Recognizing the signs of addiction and taking proactive steps to limit screen time can help mitigate the negative effects on mental health and overall well-being. It is crucial to prioritize real-life interactions and activities while enjoying the benefits of social media in moderation.

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